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St. Louis Encephalitis
Severity: Low

St. Louis encephalitis is a rare mosquito-borne virus found only in the Americas. Most infections produce no symptoms at all, and symptomatic cases are uncommon. Severe encephalitis occurs primarily in elderly adults.

The virus is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes and circulates between birds and mosquitoes, with humans as incidental hosts. Small outbreaks occasionally occur in the United States during warm summer months, particularly in the Midwest and South.

There is no vaccine or specific treatment. The risk to travelers is extremely low, and standard evening bite precautions provide adequate protection.

Pathogen
Virus

Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus — night-biting house mosquitoes.

Risk Groups
Who is at risk
Low

Adults over 60 traveling in the Americas during summer months. Most infections are so mild they go completely unnoticed. There is no vaccine or specific treatment.

Symptoms
Most infections are asymptomaticFever, headache, dizzinessNausea and malaiseStiff neck and confusion in severe casesEncephalitis mainly in adults over 60Fatality rate under 10% in symptomatic cases
Precautions
Use repellent during evening hours
Eliminate standing water around accommodation
Stay indoors at peak mosquito times (dusk to dawn)
Use window screens and air conditioning
Risk is very low for most travelers
No vaccine available — standard bite precautions suffice
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CDC SLE OverviewCDC Mosquito Prevention

Countries with St. Louis Encephalitis

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Disease information is sourced from WHO, CDC, ECDC, and OpenDengue. This is not medical advice — consult a healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment.

St. Louis Encephalitis — Mosquito-Borne Disease | Mozzwise